Which strategy is least effective for managing opioid-related adverse effects?

Choosing larger doses less frequently is least effective for managing opioid-related adverse effects because this approach increases the risk of peak plasma concentrations, potentially leading to heightened side effects. Opioids can cause various adverse effects, such as sedation, respiratory depression, or constipation, and administering larger doses at longer intervals may exacerbate these issues rather than mitigate them.

In contrast, strategies like changing to an extended-release formulation can help provide more stable drug levels over time, reducing peaks that contribute to toxicity or adverse effects. Giving smaller, more frequent doses can also be beneficial as it allows for a smoother pharmacokinetic profile, helping to maintain therapeutic effects while minimizing the potential for adverse reactions. Additionally, rotating to another opioid can also be a useful strategy, as some individuals may tolerate one opioid better than another, thereby reducing adverse effects while still providing adequate pain management.